Adverse effects of amalgam on stomatologists

Authors

  • Nairobi Hernández Bridón Universidad De Ciencias Médicas De La Habana, Facultad Julio trigo López. La Habana, Cuba Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5378-7335
  • Magalys Pallerols Mir Universidad De Ciencias Médicas De La Habana, Facultad Julio trigo López. La Habana, Cuba Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56294/shp202220

Keywords:

mercury, poisoning, oral medicine, risk, dental amalgam

Abstract

Mercury is used in stomatology for the elaboration of amalgams used in the restoration of teeth treated for caries, as it generates affections on the nervous, renal, immune and sexual systems, as well as behavioural disturbances. Staff working in stomatological practices are chronically exposed to mercury vapour and therefore constitute a population at toxicological risk. For the literature review, 42 bibliographies were consulted in order to describe the adverse effects of dental amalgam on patients and dental personnel.

References

1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents: biological exposure indices. Cincinnati: ACGIH; 1999.

2. Akesson I, Schutz A, Attewell R, Skerfving S, Glantz P. Status of mercury and selenium in dental personnel: impact of amalgam work and own fillings. Arch Environ Health. 1991;46:102–9.

3. Goyer R. Toxic effects of metals. In: Klassen C, Amdur M, Doull J, editors. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996. p. 709–12.

4. Lorscheider FL, Vimy MJ, Summers AO. Mercury exposure from “silver” tooth fillings: emerging evidence questions a traditional dental paradigm. FASEB J. 1995;9(7):504–8.

5. Mutis MJ, Pinzón JC, Castro G. Las amalgamas dentales: ¿un problema de salud pública y ambiental? Revisión de la literatura. Univ Odontol. 2011;30(65):63–70.

6. Melchart D, Kohler W, Linde K, Zilker T, Kremers L, Saller R, et al. Biomonitoring of mercury in patients with complaints attributed to dental amalgam, healthy amalgam bearers, and amalgam-free subjects: a diagnostic study. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008;46(2):133–40.

7. ADA Council on Scientific Affairs. Dental amalgam: update on safety concerns. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129(4):494–503.

8. Torres MA, Irribarra R, Ortega A, Romo F, Campos FO. Riesgos de intoxicación con biomateriales en odontología. Primera parte. Rev Dental Chile. 2002;93(3):17–22.

9. Clarkson TW, Magos L. The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2006;36(8):609–62.

10. Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ. The toxicology of mercury: current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(18):1731–7.

11. Clarkson TW. The three modern faces of mercury. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110 Suppl 1:11–23.

12. Gundacker C, Gencik M, Hengstschläger M. The relevance of the individual genetic background for the toxicokinetics of two significant neurodevelopmental toxicants: mercury and lead. Mutat Res. 2010;705(2):130–40. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.06.003.

13. Koral SM. Mercury from dental amalgam: exposure and risk assessment. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013;34(2):138–40,142,144 passim.

14. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Health Services Industry Detailed Study: Dental Amalgam [Internet]. Washington, DC: EPA; 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 5]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/dental-study_2008.pdf

15. Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Sundseth K, Munthe J, Kindbom K, Wilson S, et al. Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and projections to 2020. Atmos Environ. 2010;44:2487–99.

16. Stone ME, Kuehne JC, Cohen ME, Talbott JL, Scott JW. Effect of iodine on mercury concentrations in dental unit wastewater. Dent Mater. 2006;22(2):119–24.

17. Adegbembo AO, Watson PA, Lugowski SJ. The weight of wastes generated by removal of dental amalgam restorations and the concentration of mercury in dental wastewater. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002;68(9):553–8.

18. Shraim A, Alsuhaimi A, Al-Thakafy JT. Dental clinics: a point pollution source, not only of mercury but also of other amalgam constituents. Chemosphere. 2011;84(8):1133–9. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.034.

19. de Souza JP, Nozawa SR, Honda RT. Improper waste disposal of silver-mercury amalgam. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012;88(5):797–801. doi:10.1007/s00128-012-0554-6.

20. Chin G, Chong J, Kluczewska A, Lau A, Gorjy S, Tennant M. The environmental effects of dental amalgam. Aust Dent J. 2000;45(4):246–9.

21. Takaoka M, Oshita K, Takeda N, Morisawa S. Mercury emission from crematories in Japan. Atmos Chem Phys. 2010;10:3665–71.

22. Vimy MJ. Serial measurements of intraoral air mercury. Estimation of daily dose from dental amalgam. J Dent Res. 2014;64:1072–5.

23. Shao D, Kang Y, Wu S, Wong MH. Effects of sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfate concentrations on mercury methylation in freshwater sediments. Sci Total Environ. 2012 May 1;424:331–6.

24. Soares AC, Cavalheiro A. A review of amalgam and composite longevity of posterior restorations. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac. 2010;51:155–64.

25. World Health Organization. Future use of materials for dental restoration: report of the meeting convened at WHO HQ [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2009 [citado 2014 ene 5]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/dental_material_2011.pdf

26. Ruiz JA, Pérez JI, Gómez GJ, Carmona ME, Zapata LA, Carmona R. Riesgo en el manejo de la amalgama dental en las entidades odontológicas medianas y pequeñas en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publica. 2009;27(2):187–97.

27. Bagedahl-Strindlund M, Ilie M, Furhoff AK, et al. A multidisciplinary clinical study of patients suffering from illness associated with mercury release from dental restorations: psychiatric aspects. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;96(6):475–82.

28. Ahlqwist M, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Gergdahl IA, Schutz A. Serum mercury concentration in relation to survival, symptoms, and disease: results from the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Odontol Scand. 1999;57:168–74.

29. Bjorkman L, Pedersen NL, Lichtenstein P. Physical and mental health related to dental amalgam fillings in Swedish twins. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1996;24:260–7.

30. Saxe SR, Snowdon DA, Wekstein MW, et al. Dental amalgam and cognitive function in older women: findings from the Nun Study. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126:1495–501.

31. Palkovicova L, Ursinyova M, Masanova V, Yu Z, Hertz-Picciotto I. Maternal amalgam dental fillings as the source of mercury exposure in developing fetus and newborn. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008 May;18(3):326.

32. Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR. A prospective study of prenatal mercury exposure from maternal dental amalgams and autism severity. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2009;69(2):189–97.

33. Caserta D, Graziano A, Lo Monte G, Bordi G, Moscarini M. Heavy metals and placental fetal-maternal barrier: a mini-review on the major concerns. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Aug;17(16):2198–206.

34. Guzzi G, Pigatto PD. Occupational exposure to mercury from amalgams during pregnancy. Occup Environ Med. 2007 Oct;64(10):715–6.

35. Barregard L, Trachtenberg F, McKinlay S. Renal effects of dental amalgam in children: the New England children’s amalgam trial. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Mar;116(3):394–9. doi:10.1289/ehp.10504.

36. Guzzi G, Minoia C, Pigatto PD, Severi G. Methylmercury, amalgams, and children’s health. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar;114(3):A149; author reply A149–50.

37. Langendijk PS, Kulik EM, Sandmeier H, Meyer J, van der Hoeven JS. Isolation of Desulfomicrobium orale sp. nov. and Desulfovibrio strain NY682, oral sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in human periodontal disease. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001 May;51(Pt 3):1035–44.

38. Pigatto PD, Minoia C, Ronchi A, Guzzi G. Human placenta and markers of heavy metals exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Jan;121(1):A10.

39. Mackey TK, Contreras JT, Liang BA. The Minamata Convention on Mercury: attempting to address the global controversy of dental amalgam use and mercury waste disposal. Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 15;472:125–6.

40. Faria M. Mercurialismo metálico crónico ocupacional. Rev Saude Publica. 2003;37:116–27.

41. Gonzalez-Ramirez D, Maiorino RM, Zuniga-Charles M, Xu Z, Hurlbut KM, Junco-Munoz P, et al. Sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate challenge test for mercury in humans: II. Urinary mercury, porphyrins and neurobehavioral changes of dental workers in Monterrey, Mexico. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;272:264–74.

42. Mackey TK, Contreras JT, Liang BA. The Minamata Convention on Mercury: attempting to address the global controversy of dental amalgam use and mercury waste disposal. Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 15;472:125–9. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.115.

Published

2022-12-30

How to Cite

1.
Hernández Bridón N, Pallerols Mir M. Adverse effects of amalgam on stomatologists. South Health and Policy [Internet]. 2022 Dec. 30 [cited 2025 Sep. 28];1:20. Available from: https://shp.ageditor.ar/index.php/shp/article/view/20